Figure 1

Direction and distance of some major cities from volcanoes, names of which are given in parentheses. Note that some cities and their populations are potentially exposed to hazards from more than one volcano. For example, Quito is located close to Guagua Pichincha but may in future be affected by Cotopaxi, Pululagua, and Reventador. Further, distances here are likely underestimated as sprawling cities’ suburbs often encroach on proximate volcano(es).