Table 1 List of fatality causes used in analyses
From: A statistical analysis of the global historical volcanic fatalities record
Cause | Definition | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) | Pyroclastic flows, surges, and directed blasts | P |
Tephra | Tephra (ash, bombs, lapilli), resultant from both magmatic and phreatic eruptions. Death either by ballistic impact, or, with finer-grained ash, by suffocation, collapse of ash-covered roofs etc | T |
Primary Lahars (Mudflows) | Lahars at time of eruption | M |
Indirect | Indirect deaths (disease, starvation, exposure) | I |
Waves (Tsunami) | Waves or tsunami | W |
Secondary Lahars (Mudflows) | Post-eruption lahars | m |
Lava Flows | Lava flows | L |
Avalanches | Debris avalanches and landslides | A |
Gas | Gas emission from eruptive craters, as well as fumarolic/ solfataric activity | G |
Seismicity | Seismic, or volcanic earthquake (tectonic earthquake deaths excluded) | S |
Lightning | Lightning strike (electrostatic discharge) | E |
Floods (Jökulhlaups) | Floods and Jökulhlaups | F |