Figure 12
From: Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras
Monitoring Mauna Loa’s summit caldera with a thermal camera. a) ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite thermal image of Mauna Loa’s summit, taken from Figure 12 in Patrick and Witzke (2011). Bands of elevated temperature correspond with fumarolic activity on the caldera floor. Numbered spots show corresponding areas visible in the MTcam image. b) Nighttime MTcam thermal camera image from the north rim showing the caldera (30 Nov 2013, 03:25 am). Distinct high temperature bands indicating fumarolic activity are easily visible at night (i.e. when solar heating is minimized). c) Photograph of the MTcam thermal camera (next to an unrelated antenna) looking out over the caldera floor. The thermal image has not been corrected for atmospheric effects, and actual surface temperatures may be higher than the apparent temperatures shown here.