Figure 1
From: Reducing risk from lahar hazards: concepts, case studies, and roles for scientists
Destructive effects of lahars. (a) Aerial view of Armero, Colombia, following destruction by a lahar on November 13, 1985, that killed approximately 21,000 people at this site alone (see Pierson et al. [1990]; USGS photo by R.J. Janda, 9 Dec 1985). Patterns of streets and building foundations are visible in the debris field at center of photo. (b) Aerial view of part of Angeles City, downstream of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, along the Abacan River, showing consequences of vigorous bank erosion by repeated post-eruption hyperconcentrated-flow lahars that were triggered by heavy monsoon rains (see Major et al. [1996]; USGS photo by TCP, 15 Aug 1991).