Fig. 2
From: Estimating building vulnerability to volcanic ash fall for insurance and other purposes
Vulnerability functions estimated independently by four ‘experts’ for W2/S3-NONENG Commercial and Industrial non-engineered 1–2 storey buildings with a 6–35o roof pitch. Function E4 is the MIA-VITA function and is concerned only with damage to the roof structure. Mean refers only to functions E1-E3. Damage Index judges the proportion of the replacement cost of the structure