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Table 2 Parameters for a Log-Normal distribution were derived by the four ‘experts’ to develop vulnerability functions for each building type which determine expected damage to a structure, using ash load (kpa) as the input parameter

From: Estimating building vulnerability to volcanic ash fall for insurance and other purposes

Description

Wood, Light Frame, nonengineered

Commercial and Industrial, nonengineered

Concrete Frame/Reinforced Masonry, engineered

Unreinforced Masonry Bearing Walls, engineered

Post and Beam Construction (informal at low end)

Roof Pitch

High (>35 deg)

Medium (6-35 deg)

Low (<6 deg)

Low (<6 deg)

Low (<6 deg)

Vulnerability Functions

E1

Median

10.0

5.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

Beta

0.50

0.40

0.50

0.50

0.50

Confidence

Med

Low

Low

Low

Low

E2

Median

12.0

3.5

12.0

8.0

3.0

Beta

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

Confidence

Med

Low

Low

Low

Low

E3

Median

9.0

3.0

7.0

8.0

2.0

Beta

0.40

0.50

0.50

0.36

0.50

Confidence

Med

Low

Med

Low

Med

E4

Median

4.0

2.0

7.0

2.8

1.8

Beta

0.30

0.30

0.30

0.30

0.30

Confidence

Med

Low

Low

Low

Low