Table 1 Bulk densities of freshly-fallen tephra as reported in a range of previous studies
Thickness of tephra | Bulk density g/cm 3 | Eruption and year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
38 mm | 0.23 | Soufrière St Vincent, 1902 | Anderson and Flett 1903, p475 |
25–300 mm | 0.25 | Soufrière St Vincent, 1902 | Anderson and Flett 1903, p475 |
9.5–13 mm | 0.35–0.47 | Soufrière St Vincent, 1902 | HMSO 1903, p33 |
30 mm | 0.93 | Shiveluch, 1964 | Gorshkov and Dubik 1970, p268 |
2.5 mm | 0.80 | Shiveluch, 1964 | Gorshkov and Dubik 1970, p269 |
20 mm | 1.23 | Bezymianny, 1955 | Gorshkov 1959, p86 |
20 mm | 1.12 | Bezymianny, 1955 | Gorshkov 1959, p87 |
6 mm | 0.58 | Bezymianny, 1955 | Gorshkov 1959, p80 |
16.6 mm | 0.66 | Bezymianny, 1955 | Gorshkov 1959, p81 |
25 mm | 0.64 | Bezymianny, 1955 | Gorshkov 1959 |
5 mm | 0.6–0.8 0.7–0.92 | Hekla, 1970 | Thorarinsson and Sigvaldason 1972, p273 |