Fig. 4From: Framework for developing volcanic fragility and vulnerability functions for critical infrastructureElectricity substation ash impact histogram and fragility functions. a Histogram of available post-eruption impact data classified by IS for 1–10, 11–50, and 51–300 mm tephra thickness bins. b Derived fragility functions for electricity substations showing probability of equalling or exceeding each IS vs tephra thicknessBack to article page