Fig. 9
From: Framework for developing volcanic fragility and vulnerability functions for critical infrastructure
Mixed rail transportation types (tram, electric, diesel) ash impact histogram and fragility functions. a Histogram of available post-eruption impact data classified by IS for 0.5–3, 4–10, and 11–40 mm tephra thickness bins. b Derived fragility functions for mixed rail transportation types showing probability of equalling or exceeding each IS vs tephra thickness. Values for tephra thickness > 50 mm are extrapolated