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Table 3 Summary of hazard intensity metrics considered during experimental work

From: Improving volcanic ash fragility functions through laboratory studies: example of surface transportation networks

Hazard intensity metric

Skid resistance reductiona

Road marking coverageb

Visibility impairmentc

Thickness (mm) – related to area density / loading (kg/m2) in some cases

✓

✓

 

Ash-settling rate (g m−2 h−1)

  

✓

Particle size (μm)

✓

✓

✓

Colour

 

✓

✓

Wetness

✓

  

Soluble content

✓

  

Hardness (proxy: ash type)

✓

✓

✓

Shape (proxy: ash generation method)

✓

✓

✓

  1. (a Blake et al. (2017a), bBlake et al. (2016), c Blake (2016)