Table 4 Statistics for distance of fatal incidents by fatal cause, ordered by decreasing number of fatalities
From: Volcanic fatalities database: analysis of volcanic threat with distance and victim classification
Fatal Cause | Number of incidents | Number of fatalities | Min. distance (km) | Max. distance (km) | Mean distance (km) | Median distance (km) | 2σ (km) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDC | 102 | 59,958 | 1.5 | 80 | 10.7 | 10.0 | 19.0 |
Tsunami | 23 | 56,822 | 3.0 | 115 | 37.3 | 23.0 | 74.0 |
Lahars | 72 | 49,938 | 1.0 | 100 | 24.1 | 20.0 | 38.9 |
Secondary lahars | 41 | 6377 | 2.7 | 45 | 22.9 | 20.0 | 30.0 |
Tephra | 52 | 4315 | 0.5 | 170 | 18.6 | 10.0 | 61.8 |
Avalanche | 9 | 3525 | 1.0 | 20 | 8.3 | 7.0 | 13.2 |
Quiescent Gas | 50 | 1698 | 0.1 | 74 | 10.9 | 7.5 | 30.8 |
Quiescent gas from vent | – | – | 0.0 | 13 | 5.4 | 6.8 | 9.0 |
Lava flows | 25 | 659 | 1.0 | 29 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 15.8 |
Lava flows from vent | – | – | 1.0 | 29 | 11.6 | 10.0 | 15.8 |
Gas | 16 | 585 | 5.0 | 21 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 13.1 |
Gas from vent | – | – | 1.0 | 21 | 7.2 | 5.0 | 15.1 |
Ballistics | 57 | 367 | 0.0 | 7 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
Hydrothermal | 7 | 62 | 1.5 | 20 | 9.3 | 6.0 | 17.5 |
Hydrothermal from vent | – | – | 0.8 | 3 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.7 |
Lightning | 4 | 9 | 15.0 | 30 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 21.2 |
All eruptive hazards | 515 | 214,004 | 0.0 | 170 | 13.5 | 8.6 | 35.6 |