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Table 1 Some parameters of historical and current SAR satellite instruments used to measure volcano deformation

From: Synthesis of global satellite observations of magmatic and volcanic deformation: implications for volcano monitoring & the lateral extent of magmatic domains

Instrument

Operation time

Wavelength (cm)

Swath width (km)

Ground pixel resolution (m)

Repeat time (days)

ERS-1,2

1991- 2000; 1995-2011 (gyroscope malfunction 2000 severely limits use)

5.6

80-100

26 x 6

35

JERS-1

1992-1998

23.5

75

18 x 6

44

RADARSAT-1, 2

1995-2013 (1); 2008 – (2)

5.6

multiple modes, including: 50 (Fine Beam Mode); 100 (Standard); 500 (ScanSAR Wide).

multiple modes including: 5 × 8 (Fine Beam Mode); 25 × 28 (Standard); 100 (ScanSAR Wide)

24

ENVISAT

2002-2012

5.6

100 (image mode); 400 (wide swath)

30 × 30 (image mode); 150 × 150 (wide swath)

35

ALOS-1

2006-2011

23.5

70 (Fine Beam Single); 350 (ScanSAR)

10 (Fine Beam Single); 100 (ScanSAR)

46

ALOS-2

2014-

23.5

55 (Ultra Fine Beam Single); 490 (ScanSAR single)

3 (Ultra Fine Beam Single); 60 (ScanSAR single)

14

TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X

2008 – (TSX); 2010- (TDX)

3.1

4 (Starting Spotlight); 30 (Stripmap); 270 (Wide ScanSAR)

0.25 (Staring Spotlight); 3 (Stripmap); 40 (Wide ScanSAR)

11

Sentinel-1a, b

2014 – date (a), 2016- date (b)

5.6

80 (Stripmap); 250 (interferometric wide swath); 400 (Extra wide swath)

5 × 5 (Stripmap); 5 × 20 (interferometric wide swath); 25 × 100 (extra wide swath)

12 (6 with 1b)

COSMO-SkyMed 1,2,3,4

Constellation staggered launches between 2007 and 2010, active to present.

3.1

10 (Spotlight-2); 40 (Stripmap); 100 (ScanSAR)

1 (Spotlight-2); 3-5 (Stripmap); 30 (ScanSAR)

16 (≥ 1 for full constellation)