Table 2 Model input parameter ranges and best-fit eruption parameters based on geological data for each of the Holocene units

Volcano

Easting (m)

645,110

Northing (m)

2,158,088

Elevation (m asl)

3850

Total eruption mass (kg)

10⁸–10¹³

3.5 × 10¹¹

2.8 × 10¹¹

1 × 10¹¹

1.2 × 10¹¹

1.9 × 10¹¹

1.2 × 10¹²

Eruption column

Height (km asl)

10–30

30

29

28

29

29

26

Integration steps

60

Shape parameter (α)

1.0

1

1

1

1

1

1

Shape parameter (β)

0.001–7.0

1.5

0.9

1.2

3.9

4.3

2.8

Particle

Median (φ)

−3 – 0

−1

0

−0.5

−1.5

−1.6

0

Standard deviation (φ)

1–2

1

1

1

1.2

1

1.8

Maximum (φ)

−6

Minimum (φ)

6

Lithic density (kg m⁻³)

2700

Pumice density (kg m^− 3)

450

Fall time threshold (s)

10³–10⁹

4.7 × 10⁷

9.9 × 10⁸

9.9 × 10⁸

1.2 × 10⁷

6.4 × 10⁵

10 × 10³

Integration steps

60

Atmosphere

Eddy constant (m² s⁻¹)

0.04

Diffusion coefficient (m² s^− 1)

500–5000

4903

3995

4995

2388

1652

5000