Fig. 1

Map showing Auckland with the volcanic centres of the AVF. The black oval shows the possible boundary of the AVF based on the known eruptive centres, shown as black triangles (Runge 2015; Kereszturi et al. 2014). The DEVORA scenario vents that we use as case studies are denoted with solid, red triangles; the letters in each triangle indicate the scenario. B is for Birkenhead; the Birkenhead scenario has two vents, both of which fall within the northernmost red triangle. M is for Mount Eden; O is for Ōtāhuhu. Inset shows the North Island of New Zealand and major cities; Auckland is boxed. Figure modified from Bebbington (2015) and Hayes et al. (2018). Data from Kermode (1992) and Land Information New Zealand