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Table 1 Ranges of eruption source parameters required for Tephra2 were derived from literature on the 2014 eruption and used to inform ranges for optimisation during inversion. Parameters with ‘n.a’ (not applicable), are those whose values were determined from inversion optimisation rather than from available literature on the Kelud 2014 eruption.a = Kristiansen et al. (2015), b = Maeno et al. (2019a), c = Goode et al. (2018)

From: Remotely assessing tephra fall building damage and vulnerability: Kelud Volcano, Indonesia

 

Ranges from literature

Inversion optimisation range

Optimised value

Plume height (km a.s.l.)

18 - 26a

18–26

21.4

Tephra mass (1010 kg)

38 - 66b

10–100

68.8

Median particle size (phi)

-3 – 1b,c

-3 - 1

0.88

Phi standard deviation

1 – 3b,c

1–3

1.04

Diffusion coefficient (m s2)

n.a.

0.0001–10,000

8155

Fall time threshold (s)

n.a.

0.001–10,000

9712

Plume profile (α)

n.a.

3

3

Plume profile (β)

n.a.

0.001–3

2.97