Table 2 The 4-tiered damage state scale used in this study, based on changes in roof appearance
From: Remotely assessing tephra fall building damage and vulnerability: Kelud Volcano, Indonesia
DS | Damage state description | Observed change in building appearance | |
|---|---|---|---|
0/1 | No damage/Light damage | No observable damage | None of the roof cladding has changed colour and the structure of the roof is the same |
2 | Moderate damage | Cladding replaced for < 50% of the roof area | Strong colour change of roof cladding for < 50% of the total roof area, change typically limited to overhanging and veranda roof sections |
3 | Heavy damage | Cladding replaced for > 50% of the roof area | Strong colour change for > 50% of the total roof area |
4/5 | Severe damage /Collapse | The roof over the central part of the building has collapsed or the building has collapsed | The roof framing structure has clearly changed (e.g. the apex of the roof has been rotated or relocated) or building has visibly collapsed/disappeared entirely |