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Table 5 Results of simulated ballistic ejecta impact tests on roof-simulating structure with pumice. For the roof-simulating structure without pumice, the boundary between penetrating and non-penetrating impact energy was taken to be near 1.2 kJ (Yamada et al. 2018)

From: Impact resistance of steel materials to ballistic ejecta and shelter development using steel deck plates

No.

Type of specimen

Impact velocity (m/s)

Impact energy (kJ)

Result

1

Roof-simulating structure with pumice

(Japanese cedar with a thickness of 15 mm)

52

3.6

Deformed but not penetrated

2

53

3.8

3

54

3.9

Penetrated

4

55

4.0