Table 2 Main aspects to be assessed in the frame of short-term emergency management

➢ Spatial extension (boundaries)

➢ Level (for some hazard, e.g. only spatial extension is important in case of lava flows)

➢ Identification and distribution of elements located within the area of potential hazard inundation:

• infrastructure key to evacuation (e.g. airports, ports, roads)

• staging area for evacuation

• people

• livestock

Vulnerability assessment

Physical dimension

➢ Selection of specific criteria to examine when considering the fragility of an element at risk towards a specific hazard and characterization of the behaviour depending on the level of hazard (fragility curves):

• Infrastructure key to evacuation (e.g. airports, ports, roads)

• People (e.g. day- and night-time distribution, composition of the population - residents, tourists, seasonal workers, age distribution, health status, literacy rate)

Systemic dimension (with focus on accessibility, redundancy, and interdependency)

➢ Accessibility to heliport and harbors (depends on the quality of the road network)

➢ Accessibility to the island (depends on weather conditions, state of the sea)

➢ Power, water and telecommunication failures (depend on how these infrastructure are affected by the considered hazard)

➢ Risk awareness; trust in authorities (e.g. civil protection); understanding of warning messages and compliance with required protective actions (e.g. mask, sheltering)

➢ Existence of early warning systems and evacuation plans

➢ Extent of affected areas

➢ Number of affected infrastructure key to evacuation (e.g. airports, ports, roads)

➢ Estimated injured people and death toll in staging areas

➢ Estimated injured people and death toll in buildings

➢ Estimated impact on livestock

➢ Analysis of potential economic impact of an evacuation (e.g. based on seasonality and differential areas to be evacuated)

➢ Efficiency assessment of evacuation (e.g. timing, wording of messages, circulation of information)