Table 9 Exposed elements affected by tephra accumulation > 1 kg/m2 that can be derived from Fig. 5 (for all the scenarios and accumulation intervals) for emergency management purposes (1 kg/m2 is considered critical for evacuation operations; Table 8). Main roads harbours and heliports are from OpenStreetMap; number of residents is from Comune Lipari (2017), provided per area. It is assumed that the number is evenly distributed over the area; number of buildings is from Galderisi et al. (2013)