Fig. 5From: Guidelines for volcano-observatory operations during crises: recommendations from the 2019 volcano observatory best practices meetingExample of the organization of volcano response in different countries, adapted from Nakada et al. (2019). Each nation has different responsible agencies with different overlapping roles and relationships. Abbreviations: JMA: Japan Meteorological Agency, MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, GSI: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, AIST: Geological Survey of Japan at National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, NICT: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency, NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USGS: US Geological Survey, DPC: Civil Protection Department, ENAC: Italian Aviation Authority, INGV: Instituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia, BNPB: National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure, CVGHM: Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, NDRPMC: National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, OCD: Office of Civil Defense, NDRRMC: Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, PHIVOLCS: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, CDEM: Ministry of Civil Defense & Emergency Management, NEMA: National Emergency Management Agency, ONEMI: Oficina Nacional de Emergencia del Ministerio del Interior Seguridad Pública, SERGEOMIN: Servicio National de Geología y Minería. IG-EPN: Instituto Geofisico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional, SNGRE: Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias, INAMHI: Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e HidrologíaBack to article page