Table 7 Ash thicknesses with impacts compared to previous ashfall events 2010-2012 (NI - Not investigated within studies; NA- Not applicable)
Eruption | PCC-VC 2011 | Tongariro 2012 | Shinmoedake 2011 | Sakurajima 2011 | Tungurahura 2010 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Localities impacted | Villa la Angostura | Bariloche | Jacobacci | Rangipo | Kirishima | Miike | Kagoshima | Riobamba | |||
Ash thicknesses (mm) | 150–170 | 30–45 | 50 | 2 | 1 | 60–80 | 1 | 10 | |||
Electricity | Flashover | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Air intakes clogging | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Switch abrasion | |||||||||||
Controlled outage | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Generator blockage | ✓ | ||||||||||
Stream-fed | Main WTP | Stream-fed | Main WTP | ||||||||
Water | Turbidity increase | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NI | NI | NI | ||
Damage to pumps | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NI | NI | NI | |||||
Filtration contamination | ✓ | ✓ | NI | NI | NI | ||||||
Clogging of filters | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NI | NI | NI | |||||
Increased demand | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NI | NI | NI | |||
Waste water | Effects on sewer networks (clogging, wear on pumps) | NA | ✓ | NA | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | ||
Damage to pre-screening equipment | NA | ✓ | NA | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | |||
Power outages affecting pumping | NA | ✓ | NA | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | |||
Ash accumulation in treatment tanks | NA | ✓ | NA | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | |||
Roading | Road closures | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Air filter blockage | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Decreased traction | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Decreased visibility | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Road markings covered | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Airport | Airport closed | NA | ✓ | NA | NA | NA | NA | ✓ | ✓ | ||