Fig. 4
From: Estimating building vulnerability to volcanic ash fall for insurance and other purposes
Vulnerability functions estimated independently by four ‘experts’ for W1-NONENG Wood, Light Frame (≤5,000 ft2), non-engineered 1–2 storey building with High roof pitch >35°. Function E4 is the MIA-VITA function and refers only to damage to the roof structure. Mean refers only to functions E1–E3. Damage index refers to the replacement cost of the structure