Table 2 List of the 33 InSAR detected deformation sources that are more than 5 km from the nearest Holocene volcano. Displacements that lie beneath Pleistocene volcanoes, or apparently recent volcanic deposits are indicated with a star, and details provided in the ‘context of deformation’ column
Volcano | Approximate offset distance (km) | Point of reference for offset | Context of deformation | Description of Footprint | Estimated deformation source depth (km) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akita-Komagatake | 5 | Stratovolcano summit | Subsidence triggered by Tohoku earthquake, near two Cenozoic calderas | Ellipse, primary axis ~ 55 km | 1.8 to top of pluton | Takada and Fukushima 2013; Ozawa and Fujita 2013 |
Atka (Korovin) | 5 | Korovin stratocone – site of eruption | Co-eruptive subsidence (2006) and subsequent uplift | Roughly concentric on Kliuchef cone | Mogi sources 3-4 km (subsidence); 5-8 km (uplift) | Lu and Dzurisin 2014 |
Cerro Aquihuato | 7 | Aquihuato summit | Uplift – no associated activity | – | – | Morales Rivera et al., 2016 |
Cerro Azul | 7 | Volcano summit | Subsidence triggered by Maule earthquake | Ellipse, primary axis ~ 10 km | Shallow point source | Pritchard et al. 2013 |
“Bay of Plenty”, Off axis Taupo Volcanic Zone | ~ 35 | Okataina | Uplift on margin of Taupo Volcanic Zone | Roughly 40 km diameter | Point source, 9.5 km | Hamling et al., 2016 |
“Bora” | 8 | Bora-Bericcio volcano (nearest GVP) | Uplift in low-lying area between Bora Berrichio and Tulla Moje | Roughly circular | Penny shaped crack 0.9-1.3 km | Biggs et al. 2011 |
Calabozos* | 16 | Volcano summit | Subsidence beneath Pleistocene collapse caldera, triggered by Maule earthquake | Ellipse, primary axis ~ 30 km | Mogi source, 7.2 km | Pritchard et al. 2013 |
Chillán, Nevados de | 5 | Volcano summit | Subsidence triggered by Maule earthquake | Ellipse, primary axis ~ 15 km | Spherical source, 7 to 10 km | Pritchard et al. 2013 |
“Lazufre”* | 9 | Cordón del Azufre volcano (nearest GVP) | Uplift between Lastarria and Cordon del Azufre, spans wide area encompassing three active volcanic centres and 2 older calderas | Ellipse, primary axis ~ 45 km | Various analytical models, 6 to 15 km | Pritchard and Simons 2004; Froger et al. 2007; Ruch et al. 2008; Henderson and Pritchard 2013 |
Fernandina | 6 | Fernandina summit | Uplift 1992-1997 attributed to intrusion on SW flank. This is most likely a one-off sill intrusion, not connected to reservoir formation | Roughly circular, ~ 5 km diameter | Okada planar sources used to model intrusions, ~ 1 km depth | Amelung et al. 2000; Jonsson et al. 1999; Bagnardi et al., 2013 |
“Fourpeaked-Douglas” | 7 | Fourpeaked volcano (nearest GVP) | Uplift between Fourpeaked and Douglas volcanoes | Roughly circular, diameter approximately 15 km | Mogi source, ~ 7 km | Lu and Dzurisin 2014 |
“Haledebi” * | 10 | Hertali volcano (nearest GVP) | Epsiodes of uplift and subsidence between Hertali, fresh looking lava flows above signal | Roughly elliptical, primary axis ~ 8 km | Sill, 2.7 to 8.8 km | Biggs et al. 2011 |
“Hualca Hualca” * | 7 | Sabancaya (nearest GVP), 2.5 km East of Hualca hualca summit | Uplift 2 cm/yr. 1992-1996, unclear if pluton has any connection to either Sabancaya or Hualca hualca | Roughly circular, ~ 90 km diameter | Various EHS source geometries, 11 to 13 km | Pritchard & Simons, 2004 |
Iwatesan | 13 | Volcano summit | Uplift during seismic swarm | Roughly circular 12 km diameter | Mogi source, 7.9 km | Nishimura et al. 2001 |
Kirishimayama | 5 | Shinmoedake vent | Pre-eruptive uplift (2011) | – | – | Miyagi et al., 2013 |
Kurikomayama | 25 | Volcano summit | Subsidence triggered by Tohoku earthquake, displacement well-aligned with Cenozoic caldera rim | Ellipse, primary axis ~ 40 km | – | Takada and Fukushima 2013; Ozawa and Fujita 2013 |
Lassen | 5 | Volcano summit | Variable rate subsidence SE of Lassen Peak | Roughly circular, 30-40 km diameter | Various elastic half space models, 8.18-11.6 km | |
“Gelai”* | 25 | Ol Doinyo Lengai summit | Deflation of reservoir during Gelai rifting event, beneath Pleistocene shield volcano | Complex signal due to coincidence slip on fault and dyke opening | Mogi source, 4-8 km | Biggs et al., 2013 |
Makushin | 5 | Volcano summit and most recent eruptive vent | Episodes of uplift and subsidence | Roughly circular, variable diameter | Mogi and Sill sources in range of 5.0 to 7.4 km | Lu & Dzurisin, 2014 |
Nasudake | 5 | Volcano summit | Subsidence triggered by Tohoku earthquake | Ellipse, primary axis 15 km | Ellipsoidal pluton, top depth 3.8 km | Takada and Fukushima 2013; Ozawa and Fujita 2013 |
Nevado del Ruiz | 10 | Temporally correlated unrest at Nevado del Ruiz, but nearer Santa Isabel | Uplift during unrest and eruption at Ruiz volcano | Roughly circular, 20 km | Point or spheroidal source,14 km | Lundgren et al., 2015a |
Cerro Overo* | 13 | Cordón de Puntas Negras (El Laco volcanic complex is ~ 10 km to the SW). | Uplift 1992-2003, subsidence 2003-2010, SE terminus of Puntas Negras | Roughly circular, 17 to 20 km | Mogi source, 9 km pre-2003 uplift, 13 km post 2003 subsidence | Henderson and Pritchard 2013 |
Puyehue-Cordon Caulle | 2-10 | 2011-2012 eruptive vent | Three episodes of pre-eruptive uplift, co-eruptive subsidence and an event triggered by the 2010 Maule earthquake | Various geometries and areas of signals between 1996 and 2012, areas from 20 to 400 km2, some sources beneath past vents | Various analytical sources, depths 5-9 km. | Jay et al., 2014; Delgado et al., 2016 |
Recheshnoi | 7 and 12 | Volcano summit | Uplift near Geyser Bight and Hot Springs Cove (smaller patch of subsidence superimposed) | Ellipse, primary axis 7 km | – | Lu and Dzurisin 2014 |
“Robledo” | 8 | Cerro Blanco volcano (note some difference in the application of name ‘Robledo’ to caldera and lava dome in publications) | Long term subsidence | Roughly circular, diameter 20 km | Various analytical models, 4.5 to 6 km | Pritchard and Simons 2004; Henderson and Pritchard 2013; Brunori et al., 2013 |
Seguam | 8 | Pyre’s peak, site of most recent eruptions | Pulses of uplift and subsidence in eastern caldera | Roughly circular, diameter 10 to 15 km | Mogi source, 5.5 km during uplift, 2 km during subsidence | Lee et al. 2013; Lu and Dzurisin 2014; Masterlark and Lu 2004 |
Shishaldin | 15 and 30 | Volcano Summit | Uplift East of Shishaldin and NW of Shishaldin (close to Fisher) temporally correlated with 2004 eruption | – | – | Gong et al. 2015 |
Spurr | 20 | Volcano summit | Uplift during seismic swarm NE of Spurr, near Strandline Lake | Approximate diameter of 35 km | Mogi source, 12 to 16 km | Lu and Dzurisin 2014 |
Tanaga | 6 | Volcano summit | Uplift centred between Tanaga and Takawangha spanning both | Approximate diameter of 16 km | Mogi and Yang sources, 5 to 8 km | Lu and Dzurisin 2014 |
Three Sisters | 5 | Volcano summit | Uplift with variable rate, WSW of volcano | Ellipse, primary axis 20 km | Analytical and numerical models, 5 to 7 km | Dzurisin et al. 2009; Wicks et al. 2002; Riddick and Schmidt 2011 |
Tinguiririca | 6 | Volcano summit | Subsidence triggered by Maule earthquake | Ellipse, primary axis 20 km | Spherical source, 8 to 10 km | Pritchard et al. 2013 |
Villarica | 5 | Volcano summit | Post-eruptive uplift, near Holocene crater rim | Uplift SE of volcano | Mogi source, ~ 4.2 km- | Delgado et al., 2017 |
Zaozan | 20 | Volcano summit | Subsidence triggered by Tohoku earthquake | Subsidence triggered by Tohoku earthquake | Ellipse, primary axis 30 km | Takada and Fukushima 2013; Ozawa and Fujita 2013 |