Fig. 8

a Probabilistic isomass map for a 25% of occurrence of the Vulcanian scenario (showing tephra-fallout accumulation after 6 months) visualised with hazard categories; b physical damage of roads, harbours and heliports obtained by combining Figs. 4a and 8a; c functional damage of roads, harbours and heliports obtained by combining Figs. 4b and 8a; d systemic damage obtained by combining Figs. 4c and 8a (see Appendix B for more details on the procedure to compile damage maps)