Table 1 Published grain size distribution (GSD), size and magma composition for eruptions with published GSDs ≤10 km from source, used in Fig. 3

Askja 1875 Unit D

5^a

Rhyolite

1—7

(Sparks et al. 1981)

Fogo A

5

Trachyte

~ 3—8

(Walker and Croasdale 1970; Pensa et al. 2015)

Eyjafjallajökull 2010

4

Trachyte

2—9.6

(Bonadonna et al. 2011)

Quizapu 1932

6

Dacite

2.5—7.4

(Hildreth and Drake 1992)

Agung 1963

5

Andesite

7

(Self and Rampino 2012)

Ruapehu 1996

3

Andesite

0.4

(Bonadonna et al. 2005)

Hekla 1991

3

Basaltic andesite

5

(Gudnason et al. 2017)

Calbuco 2015

4

Basaltic andesite

5—6

(Castruccio et al. 2016; Romero et al. 2016)

Etna 2002–3

3

Basalt

3.7—10

(Andronico et al. 2008)

Grimsvötn 2004

3

Basalt

5—10

(Oddsson 2007)

Kilauea Iki 1959

2

Basalt

~  0.5—4

(Mueller et al. 2019)