Fig. 8

Coupling of FlowDIR output coordinates and probabilities produced using the azimuthal elevation difference to initialise a BAF calibrated version of the LaharZ code with an input volume of \({9.8 \times 10}^{6} {\text{m}}^{3}\) at Gede volcano (Indonesia). a Zoomed view of the summit showing the buffer limit, initialisation points and the LaharZ starting coordinates. b Probability of inundation produced by running simulations from the coordinates shown in a. A buffer of 300 m was added to LaharZ footprints as the minimum expected channel overtopping due to the surge component (after Widiwijayanti et al. 2009). c Azimuthal elevation difference output from FlowDIR. Coordinate reference system: WGS84/UTM zone 48S