Fig. 4

Lava-flow-producing eruptions (yellow) (n = 2,072) recorded as an eruption with at least one lava flow event in the Global Volcanism Program (2023), and eruptions with associated lava flow impact events (orange) (n = 144) from this study between years 1—2022 CE, binned by 10-year periods, and based on the eruption start year. For example, the impact events during the 1983 – 2018 CE Kīlauea eruption are presented as one eruption in this figure, in 1983 CE. Shown as (A) an overlay bar chart (not stacked) and (B) the proportion of all recorded lava-flow-producing eruptions with documented impacts in our dataset. The final bin contains eruptions starting between 2020—2022 CE, where two out of ten eruptions with lava flows had impacts. Five lava flow impact events prior to 1 CE are not shown